Toxic effects of a mixture of five pharmaceutical drugs assessed using Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.

The potential health risks associated with the pharmaceuticals released into environment through effluents from sewage treatment plants have become a major cause for concern. Owing to lack of effective indicators, monitoring concentration these pollutants in aquatic is challenging. aim this study was assess toxicity mixture five pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, irbesartan, and naproxen) using moss Fontinalis antipyretica as bioindicator bioaccumulator. We examined effects drug on cellular antioxidant system, chlorophyll content, morphological traits F. . plant exposed 5 months three concentrations mixture, including environmental (MX1), 10- (MX10) 100-times (MX100) concentration. results showed that only carbamazepine irbesartan were accumulated by species. bioconcentration level increased exposure time, maximum uptake at 4th month exposure. increase bioaccumulation time more evident MX100. Analysis activity enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.) catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.) highly sensitive mixture. significantly higher MX100; however, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, 1.11.1.7.) not affected. Plants MX10 MX100 had lower total content a/b ratio compared those control group; photosynthetic restored after characteristics less conditions. • Risk assessment mesocosm experiment. Five different approaches combined analysis: biomarkers, life endpoints modelling. bioaccumulated two (carbamazepine irbesartan) investigated. disturbed redox status, contents but its growth.